3D City Modelling (Digital twins)

• YES. We cooperate with individuals and legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, state and municipal authorities, foreign customers, etc.

Urban modeling provides the most significant weight in the geospatial data market. In general, the construction process synthesizes technological and methodological achievements in the field of geospatial information and geoinformatics, paying special attention to three-dimensional models of cities. Using BIM approaches as a resource for presenting information about buildings and managing them during operation.

• Modeling of planning scenarios.
• Visualization of large projects. Cars and human flows.
• Analysis of the visual impact of new designs.
• Territorial design.
• Analysis of the influence of the landscape on the distribution of flows.
• Support when making a decision.
• Public discussion of projects.

Common vectors and GIS capabilities can represent 3D:

• Managing layer display styles.
• Applying different styles to layers.
• Implementation of complex 3D objects, including animated ones.
• Library of three-dimensional objects.
• The accuracy and amount of data is limited only by the characteristics of the equipment used.
• Using labels, tags, etc., including with data from external sources.
• Unlimited scaling of the model.
• Progressive "resolution" of bitmaps for high performance.
• Export high-quality bitmap images and animations.

• 3D flight in real time.
• Display of pointer localization (x,y,z).
• Relief magnification, a change in the design of the model.
• Anaglyphic vision (stereo).
• Screenshots.
• Search by coordinates.
• Managing thematic views (playback of recorded positions or sequences, navigation pointer).
• Multi-criteria search.
• Consultation of information about the object, hyperlinks.
• Layer visibility control.
• 2D cartographic overview.
• And others, at the request of the Customer.

To create a three-dimensional model of the city, you will need special software and hardware. In the process of creating the model, the elements are vectorized in stereo mode. Initial data for modeling:

• city plans;
• cartographic materials;
• space monitoring data;
• images obtained as a result of aerial photography;
• digital terrain models.

With the advent of ultra-high-resolution satellite images, the task of creating detailed and sufficiently accurate models of the urban area has become solvable with the use of high-tech methods of remote sensing data processing.

• The ability to create models with very high geometric detail.
• For each type of building, only one model is created. This model is loaded once during visualization and is used for all buildings of the same type. This significantly saves memory and reduces the size of the 3D city model on disk.
• Textures do not contain images of foreign objects projected onto building walls. Texturing is done manually, and all images are processed by the operator before texturing. The processing includes removing unnecessary objects from photos, such as trees or cars, aligning images in terms of brightness and tone, and often removing shadows.
• Three-dimensional buildings are individual objects that can be associated with any attribute information.

The 3D GIS technology allows creating a unified information model of the city by integrating data from different sources. Both citizens and government authorities receive detailed information about the territory, relevant objects, and structures in a visual and comprehensive virtual space.

The city model facilitates orientation for tourists in unfamiliar cities and improves accessibility of information about the city and infrastructure facilities for residents, especially for socially vulnerable population groups.

In addition, the 3D GIS of the city helps in solving various urban management tasks, including:

• Accelerating decision-making processes related to city planning, construction, reconstruction, and development in government bodies;
• Analysis, modeling, and forecasting of various aspects of city life;
• Simulating emergencies and conducting drills in virtual space;
• Monitoring the city's situation from various perspectives.

• High speed of creating city models. Thanks to a fully automatic process, three-dimensional models of even large cities are created in days, and not in years, as when using completely manual modeling.
• High photorealistic. Texturing is performed automatically based on aerial or geo-linked ground camera images. Complete absence of standard textures from libraries. All facades of buildings look as it was at the time of shooting.
• Low cost of creating a model due to the exclusion of manual labor of operators.

• a schematic representation of objects does not give an idea of the facade (there is no possibility of additional control over the preservation of the historical appearance, preparation of additional materials for guests of the city), the height of buildings and exterior details (ramps, high sidewalks, etc.);
• the decision-making process for planning, building, reconstruction of urban objects takes a lot of time;
• registry systems and systems, based on a 2D plan, they are insufficient to solve a number of issues related to social protection, security, preservation and development of the cultural image of the city;
• despite the availability of master plans and registry information of many cities on the Internet, they are quite difficult to navigate and they do not give an idea of the appearance of buildings and the urban environment as a whole.

Three-dimensional GIS, which have become widespread abroad, can solve most of these problems.

3D City Modelling (Digital twins) refers to the creation of a digital representation of a city in three dimensions. This model includes buildings, roads, landscapes and other physical features of the city. The purpose may be urban planning, architectural design, real estate visualization or for modeling and analysis purposes. The model can be created using various 3D modeling software, it can be viewed and controlled in real time, which allows interested parties to explore and visualize the city from different points of view.

Urban planning: Three-dimensional models of cities can be used to model and analyze various scenarios of urban planning, such as traffic flow, pedestrian traffic and the impact of new developments on the environment.

Real estate Development: Three-dimensional models of cities can be used to demonstrate the proposed properties, including buildings, infrastructure and public spaces. This can help provide funding and support for the project.

Emergency Services: Three-dimensional models of cities can be used by emergency services such as police and firefighters to simulate emergency scenarios and plan response strategies.

Virtual Tours: Three-dimensional models of cities can be used to create virtual tours of cities and attractions, allowing tourists to explore the city before visiting it.

Video Games: Three-dimensional models of cities can be used in video games to create a virtual environment with which players can interact. This can include everything from city streets to buildings and other urban objects.

a three-dimensional model of the city can help in the construction process, providing the following advantages: Planning and Design: This allows architects and engineers to visualize the project in 3D, providing a better understanding of the overall layout and design in the city. This helps to identify potential design flaws and make changes before construction begins. Communication: A 3D model can help improve communication between stakeholders such as architects, engineers, contractors and city authorities. This ensures a clear and general understanding of the project, reducing the risk of misunderstandings and misunderstandings. Construction modeling: The 3D model can be used to simulate construction

Remote sensing data contributes to 3D city modeling by providing information on terrain, buildings, and infrastructure. Sensors commonly used include airborne LIDAR, satellite-based stereo imaging, and photogrammetry techniques. These sensors capture elevation data and high-resolution imagery, essential for constructing accurate and detailed 3D city models.

Applications of 3D city modeling include urban planning, disaster management, infrastructure design, and visualization. These models enhance urban planning by providing a realistic representation of the city, aiding in decision-making, land-use analysis, and simulations for future developments.

Integrating multi-sensor remote sensing data enhances accuracy by combining information from various sources, such as LIDAR, optical imagery, and thermal sensors. This integration ensures a more comprehensive representation of the city, improving the realism and precision of digital twins used in urban planning and management.

4D city models include the temporal dimension, incorporating time-related data to represent changes in the urban environment over time. This dynamic representation allows for monitoring and simulating urban dynamics, such as construction progress, traffic patterns, and seasonal variations, providing a more comprehensive understanding of city evolution.

3D city modeling supports smart city initiatives by providing a foundation for data-driven decision-making and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Remote sensing, with its ability to capture real-world data, plays a crucial role in creating intelligent urban environments by supplying accurate and up-to-date information for smart city applications, including traffic management, energy efficiency, and public services.