Satellite monitoring and UAV Monitoring

• Timely identification of changes in land and environmental conditions within the boundaries of the licensed area.
• Identification of accumulated environmental damage, determination of the extent of its spread, and potential sources of negative impact.
• Evaluation of the dynamics of environmental changes within the boundaries of the licensed areas.
• Assessment of changes in land conditions, forecasting, and development of recommendations for preventing and mitigating the consequences of negative processes.
• Organization of data collection, transmission, processing, systematization, and storage of information on land and environmental conditions.

• Monitoring changes in the condition of industrial facilities, intra-field pipelines, exploration wells, and other infrastructure objects whose location is lost; identification of objects in non-design positions.
• Control over compliance with land use conditions - correlating the actual boundaries of industrial facilities with the boundaries stipulated in land allocation acts, and identifying unregistered objects for inventory and cadastral registration of real estate.
• Monitoring the condition of slurry barns, monitoring the pace of slurry barn reclamation, and the condition of slurry reservoirs and slurry processing plants.
• Monitoring the integrity of spoil heaps, embankments, hydraulic structures, and roads within licensed areas.
• Inventory of flare systems for associated petroleum gas combustion, monitoring the volume of gas burned.
• Inventory of common mineral extraction sites, the condition of their extraction areas to ensure industrial and environmental safety.
• Identification and control of additional industrial activities at the field - power line installation, selective and clear-cut logging, monitoring the condition of access roads, subcontractor activities.
• Monitoring the environment within licensed areas (deforestation, oil spills, etc.).

Satellite fire monitoring involves the use of satellite technology to detect, track, and monitor wildfires across the globe. These satellites are equipped with sensors capable of detecting various aspects of wildfires, including heat signatures, smoke plumes, and changes in land surface temperature. Here's how satellite fire monitoring typically works:

1. Detection: Satellites equipped with thermal sensors can detect heat signatures associated with wildfires. These sensors measure the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, allowing them to identify areas of intense heat, such as active fires. When a fire occurs, the satellite detects the increased temperature in the affected area.

2. Imaging: Satellites capture images of the Earth's surface, including areas affected by wildfires. Optical sensors onboard satellites can provide high-resolution images of smoke plumes, burned areas, and the spread of fires. These images help assess the extent and severity of wildfires.

3. Monitoring: Satellites continuously monitor wildfires over time, providing valuable information on their behavior, growth, and movement. By tracking changes in fire intensity and spread, satellite data can help firefighters and emergency responders make informed decisions about resource allocation and evacuation efforts.

4. Mapping: Satellite imagery is used to create maps of wildfire-affected areas, including burned scars and fire perimeters. These maps are essential for assessing damage, estimating the impact on ecosystems and communities, and planning post-fire recovery and rehabilitation efforts.

5. Early Warning: Satellite fire monitoring systems can provide early warning of potential wildfire outbreaks by detecting signs of ignition, such as hotspots or unusual heat patterns. This early detection allows for prompt response and mitigation measures to prevent fires from spreading out of control.

6. Integration with Ground-based Data: Satellite data is often integrated with ground-based observations, weather forecasts, and other sources of information to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of wildfire monitoring and management.

Several satellite systems and programs are dedicated to fire monitoring, including:

• NASA's MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) instruments, which provide daily observations of wildfires worldwide.
• ESA's (European Space Agency) Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 satellites, which offer high-resolution optical and thermal imagery for fire detection and monitoring.
• Commercial satellite companies such as Maxar Technologies, Planet Labs, and Airbus, which provide satellite imagery and monitoring services for wildfire management.

Overall, satellite fire monitoring plays a crucial role in wildfire management and helps protect lives, property, and ecosystems from the devastating effects of wildfires.

Satellite groundwater monitoring is a method of assessing and tracking groundwater resources using satellite-based technology. Groundwater is a critical natural resource that provides drinking water for billions of people and supports various ecosystems and agricultural activities. Here's how satellite groundwater monitoring typically works:

1. Remote Sensing: Satellites equipped with remote sensing instruments, such as radar and optical sensors, collect data on the Earth's surface and subsurface characteristics. These sensors can penetrate the Earth's surface to some extent, allowing them to detect changes in soil moisture and groundwater levels.

2. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR): InSAR is a technique that uses radar waves emitted by satellites to measure ground deformation with high precision. By comparing radar images acquired at different times, scientists can detect changes in land surface elevation caused by groundwater extraction or recharge.

3. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE): The GRACE satellite mission, operated by NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), used a pair of satellites to measure variations in Earth's gravity field. Changes in groundwater storage affect the mass distribution on Earth's surface, which in turn causes slight variations in the gravity field. GRACE data can thus be used to estimate changes in groundwater storage over large regions.

4. Thermal Infrared Imaging: Thermal infrared sensors onboard satellites can detect subtle changes in land surface temperature, which can be indicative of groundwater discharge areas, such as springs and seeps. By analyzing thermal imagery over time, scientists can identify patterns related to groundwater flow and discharge.

5. Integration with Ground-based Data: Satellite observations are often combined with ground-based measurements from wells, boreholes, and other monitoring stations to calibrate and validate the satellite data. Ground-based data provide detailed information on groundwater levels, quality, and hydrological characteristics at specific locations.

6. Modeling and Analysis: Scientists use hydrological models and data assimilation techniques to integrate satellite observations with groundwater models. These models simulate the movement of groundwater within aquifers and can be used to estimate groundwater recharge rates, depletion rates, and future trends under different scenarios.

Satellite groundwater monitoring offers several advantages, including its ability to provide large-scale and continuous coverage of groundwater resources, even in remote or inaccessible areas. It can also complement traditional ground-based monitoring efforts by providing information on regional groundwater dynamics and trends. However, satellite-based techniques may have limitations in areas with dense vegetation or complex geological conditions that can interfere with remote sensing measurements. Ongoing advancements in satellite technology and data processing techniques are continuously improving the accuracy and reliability of satellite groundwater monitoring methods.

Satellite agriculture monitoring involves the use of satellite technology to observe, analyze, and manage agricultural activities and resources. This approach offers numerous benefits, including improved crop management, resource optimization, and early detection of issues such as drought, pests, and diseases. Here's how satellite agriculture monitoring typically works:

1. Crop Health Monitoring: Satellites equipped with multispectral or hyperspectral sensors capture images of agricultural fields in different wavelengths of light. These images can reveal valuable information about crop health, including vegetation vigor, chlorophyll content, and stress levels. By analyzing these images, farmers and agronomists can identify areas of the field that may require attention, such as nutrient deficiencies, water stress, or pest infestations.

2. Yield Estimation: Satellite imagery can be used to estimate crop yields by monitoring crop growth and development throughout the growing season. By tracking changes in vegetation indices such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), scientists can make predictions about crop productivity and potential harvest yields. This information can help farmers make informed decisions about crop management practices, planting schedules, and marketing strategies.

3. Crop Type Mapping: Satellite imagery can differentiate between different types of crops based on their spectral signatures. This capability enables the mapping of crop types at a regional or global scale, providing valuable information for agricultural planning, land use management, and crop rotation strategies. Crop type maps can also be used to monitor changes in land cover over time and assess the impact of land use changes on ecosystems and biodiversity.

4. Soil Moisture Monitoring: Satellites equipped with microwave sensors can measure soil moisture content across large areas of agricultural land. Soil moisture data is crucial for optimizing irrigation scheduling, managing water resources, and mitigating the effects of drought. By monitoring changes in soil moisture levels over time, farmers can adjust their irrigation practices to ensure efficient water use and maximize crop yields.

5. Pest and Disease Detection: Satellite imagery can detect changes in vegetation health caused by pests, diseases, or other stressors. By analyzing these images, farmers can identify areas of the field that may be affected by pest infestations or disease outbreaks and take appropriate action, such as applying pesticides or implementing integrated pest management strategies.

6. Field Boundary Mapping: Satellite imagery can be used to delineate field boundaries and track changes in land use and land cover over time. Accurate mapping of field boundaries helps farmers optimize field operations, monitor crop rotations, and comply with agricultural regulations and subsidy programs.

Overall, satellite agriculture monitoring provides valuable insights and decision support tools for farmers, agronomists, policymakers, and other stakeholders involved in agricultural production and land management. By harnessing the power of satellite technology, agriculture can become more efficient, sustainable, and resilient in the face of environmental challenges.

Satellite crop monitoring is a method of using satellite imagery and data to observe and analyze agricultural fields and crops from space. This technology provides valuable insights into crop health, growth, and development, allowing farmers, agronomists, and policymakers to make informed decisions about crop management, resource allocation, and food security. Here's how satellite crop monitoring typically works:

1. Remote Sensing: Satellites equipped with optical and/or radar sensors capture images of agricultural fields in various wavelengths of light, including visible, near-infrared, and microwave. These images provide detailed information about crop characteristics, such as vegetation vigor, biomass, and moisture content.

2. Vegetation Indices: Vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) or Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), are derived from satellite imagery to assess crop health and vigor. These indices quantify the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation in a given area and can indicate stress, disease, or nutrient deficiencies in crops.

3. Crop Growth Monitoring: Satellite imagery is used to monitor crop growth and development throughout the growing season. By tracking changes in vegetation indices over time, farmers can assess crop progress, identify growth stages, and predict potential yields. This information helps optimize crop management practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.

4. Yield Estimation: Satellite data can be used to estimate crop yields by correlating vegetation indices with ground-based yield measurements. By analyzing satellite imagery and historical yield data, farmers and policymakers can make predictions about crop productivity, plan harvest schedules, and assess overall food production trends.

5. Field Boundary Mapping: Satellite imagery is used to delineate field boundaries and track changes in land use and land cover over time. Accurate mapping of field boundaries helps farmers optimize field operations, monitor crop rotations, and comply with agricultural regulations and subsidy programs.

6. Pest and Disease Monitoring: Satellite imagery can detect changes in crop health caused by pests, diseases, or other stressors. By analyzing these images, farmers can identify areas of the field that may be affected by pest infestations or disease outbreaks and take appropriate action, such as applying pesticides or implementing integrated pest management strategies.

7. Drought Monitoring: Satellite data is used to monitor soil moisture levels and assess drought conditions in agricultural regions. By tracking changes in soil moisture over time, farmers can anticipate water stress, adjust irrigation practices, and mitigate the impact of drought on crop yields.

Overall, satellite crop monitoring provides valuable information for optimizing agricultural production, enhancing food security, and promoting sustainable land management practices. By leveraging the capabilities of satellite technology, farmers and stakeholders can make data-driven decisions to improve crop yields, minimize environmental impact, and ensure the long-term viability of agricultural systems.

Ocean monitoring satellites are critical tools for observing and studying various aspects of the world's oceans. They provide data on sea surface temperatures, sea level rise, ocean color, and marine ecosystems, among other variables. Here are some key points and examples of ocean monitoring satellites:

Key Functions of Ocean Monitoring Satellites

1. Sea Surface Temperature (SST):

   • SST is crucial for understanding weather patterns, climate change, and marine ecosystems. Satellites equipped with radiometers can measure the temperature of the ocean surface with high precision.

2. Sea Level Rise:

   • Satellites with altimeters measure the height of the ocean surface, providing data on sea level rise, which is a critical indicator of climate change.

3. Ocean Color and Chlorophyll:

   • Ocean color sensors measure the amount of chlorophyll in the water, indicating the health and productivity of marine phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web.

4. Wave Heights and Ocean Currents:

   • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and scatterometers provide data on wave heights and ocean surface winds, which help in understanding ocean currents and their effects on global climate.

5. Ice Monitoring:

   • Satellites monitor sea ice extent and thickness, providing data crucial for understanding polar climate and its global implications.

Examples of Ocean Monitoring Satellites

1. Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich:

   • Part of the European Union's Copernicus program, Sentinel-6 is designed to measure sea level rise and improve weather forecasting and climate monitoring.

2. Jason-3:

   • A collaboration between NASA, NOAA, CNES (France's space agency), and EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites), Jason-3 measures sea surface height, ocean currents, and wave height.

3. Aqua:

   • Part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), Aqua carries instruments that measure sea surface temperature, ocean color, and the water cycle.

4. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP):

   • A joint mission by NASA, NOAA, and the Department of Defense, Suomi NPP provides data on sea surface temperature, ocean color, and other environmental variables.

5. Copernicus Sentinel-3:

   • This mission includes two satellites, Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B, which measure sea surface topography, sea and land surface temperature, and ocean color.

Importance and Applications

• Climate Monitoring:

  • Long-term data from ocean monitoring satellites is essential for understanding climate change and its impacts on global sea levels, weather patterns, and marine ecosystems.

• Weather Forecasting:

  • Accurate and timely data on sea surface temperatures and ocean currents improve weather prediction models.

• Marine Biology:

  • Monitoring ocean color and chlorophyll concentrations helps scientists track the health of marine ecosystems and predict events like algal blooms.

• Disaster Response:

  • Satellites provide critical data for responding to natural disasters such as hurricanes and tsunamis by monitoring ocean conditions in real-time.

• Navigation and Fisheries:

  • Data on ocean currents and sea surface temperatures assist in navigation and optimizing fishing operations.

Ocean monitoring satellites are indispensable for understanding and managing the Earth's oceans, providing data that supports environmental protection, resource management, and scientific research.